Wednesday, November 26, 2014
Wednesday, November 19, 2014
Wednesday, May 7, 2014
TENSES COMPILATION
Basically,
tense is a verb, which explains about an action that happens in particular
time. The verb shows us when the action is taken place. In English language,
time is divided in three times, present, past, and future. It is important for
us to know when the action is occurred just by paying attention to the verb.
These are some tenses form which we must understand.
Simple
|
Continuous
|
Perfect
|
Perfect Continuous
|
|
Present
|
1.
Simple present
|
2.
Present continuous
|
3.
Present perfect
|
4.
Present perfect continuous
|
Past
|
5.
Simple past
|
6.
Past continuous
|
7.
Past perfect
|
8.
Past perfect continuous
|
Future
|
9.
Simple future
|
10.
Future continuous
|
11.
Future perfect
|
12.
Future perfect continuous
|
These
are the general formula:
(+)
Subject + Verb + Object
(-)
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Not + Object
(?)
Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb + Object ?
(?-)
Auxiliary Verb + Not + Subject + Verb + Object ?
(?)
Question Words + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb + Object ?
A.
Active
Voice
1.
Simple
Present
a. Formula
(-) Subject + do/does + not
+ verb infinitive
(?) do/does + subject + verb
infinitive ?
(?-) do/does + not + subject
+ verb + object ?
(?) question word + do/does + subject +
verb + object ?
do
|
The 1st and 2nd
singular person and plural person (I, you, we, they)
|
does
|
The 3rd singular person (he,
she, it)
|
These are the rules of adding “s” or “es”
v Verbs
that end in sh, ch, ss, x, zz and o, for Examples:
wash
à
washes watch à watches kiss à
kisses fix à fixes buzz à
buzzes go à goes
v Verbs
that end in “y” have two rules:
·
If the letter before “y” is a consonant
letter, it turns into “–ies”.
Examples: carry à carries study à studies
·
If the letter before “y” is a vocal letter,
it just need to be added by “-s”.
Examples: play à plays buy à buys
b. Functions
and Examples
ü We
use the present simple to describe things that are always true, or situations
that exist now and, as far as we know, will go on indefinitely. Examples:
Ø (+)The
bee buzzes around the flowers.
(-) The bee does not buzz
around the flowers.
(?) Does the bee buzz around
the flowers?
(?-) Doesn’t the bee buzz
around the flowers?
(?) Why does the bee buzz
around the flowers?
ü We
use the present simple with verbs that perform the action they describe. The
verbs are: accept, acknowledge, advise, apologize, assume, deny, guarantee,
hope, inform, predict, promise, recommend, suggest, suppose, and warn. Examples:
Ø (+)
I admit that I am wrong.
(-) I do not admit that I am
wrong.
(?) Do you admit that I am
wrong?
(?-) Don’t you admit that I
am wrong?
(?) How do you admit that I
am wrong?
ü We often prefer to use the
present simple rather than the present continuous with verbs describing states.
The verbs are: agree, assume, believe, belong to, contain, cost, disagree,
feel, hate, hope, know, like, look, love, own, prefer, realize, regret, resemble,
smell, taste. Examples:
Ø (+)
I believe in God.
(-) I do not believe in God.
(?) Do you believe in God?
(?-) Don’t you believe in
God?
(?) Why do you believe in
God?
c. Adverbial
of time
Frequency of time (always,
usually, often, rare, seldom, never).
d. Conclusion
The present simple is used to
explain fact and habitual action.
2.
Present
Continuous Tense
a. Formula
(+) Subject + to be + V-ing
+ object
(-) subject + to be + not +
V –ing + object
(?) to be + subject + V-ing
+ object ?
(?-) to be + not + subject +
V-ing + object ?
(?) question word + to be +
subject + V-ing + object ?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü We
use present continuous to talk about particular action or events that have
begun but have not ended at the time of speaking. Examples:
Ø (+)
She is speaking to his boyfriend.
(-) She is not speaking to
his boyfriend.
(?) Is she speaking to his
boyfriend?
(?-) Isn’t she speaking to
his boyfriend?
(?) Why is she speaking to
his boyfriend?
ü We
can use the present continuous to describe something that we regularly do at a
particular time. Examples:
Ø (+)
Ms. Erlina is usually teaching English at 7 o’clock in the morning.
(-) Ms. Erlina is not
usually teaching English at 7 o’clock in the morning.
(?) Is Ms. Erlina usually
teaching English at 7 o’clock in the morning?
(?-) Isn’t Ms. Erlina
usually teaching English at 7 o’clock in the morning?
(?) How is Ms. Erlina
usually teaching English at 7 o’clock in the morning?
ü We
can also use present continuous to explain something temporary. Examples:
Ø (+)
Andi is playing football now, but he will study later.
(-) Andi is not playing
football now, but he will study later.
(?) Is Andi playing football
now?
(?-) Isn’t Andi playing
football now?
(?) Where is Andi playing
football now?
ü We also
use present continuous when we talk about changes, developments, and trends.
Ø (+)
The tree is growing rapidly.
(-) The tree is not growing
rapidly.
(?) Is the tree growing
rapidly?
(?-) Isn’t the tree growing
rapidly?
(?) Which tree is growing
rapidly?
c. Adverb
of Time
The time signals in present
continuous are now, right now, at this moment, today, this morning/evening.
d. Conclusion
The present continuous form
is used to describe an action that happens in this moment, action that happens
temporary, and action that will happen in the future.
3.
Present
Perfect
a. Formula
(+) subject + have/has +
past participle (verb 3) + object
(-) subject + have/has + not
+ past participle (verb 3) + object
(?) have/has + subject +
past participle (verb 3) + object ?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü When
we talk about something that happened in the past, but we don’t specify
precisely when it happened (perhaps we don’t know, or it is not important to
say when it happened, we use present perfect).
Ø (+)
I have complained about the traffic before.
(-) I have not complained
about the traffic before.
(?) Have you complained
about the traffic before?
ü When
we use present perfect it suggests some kinds of connection between what
happened in the past and the present time.
Ø (+) I
have eaten, so I can do the exercise.
(-) I have not eaten, so I
cannot do the exercise.
(?) Have you eaten?
c. Adverb
of Time
Some time signal that are
used in present perfect are just, recently, lately, yet, still, already,
before, so far, ever/never, today, for weeks/years, since 2013.
d. Conclusion
The present perfect form is
used to describe action that happens in the indefinite past. Remember to not use
the time signal of simple past form.
4.
Present
Perfect Continuous
a. Formula
(+) subject + have/has +
been + V –ing + object
(-) subject + have/has + not + been + V –ing +
object
(?) have/has + subject +
been + V –ing + object ?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü We use
the present perfect continuous to talk about a situation or activity that
started in the past and has been in progress for a period until now.
Ø (+)
Widia has been driving her car since high school.
(-) Widia hasn’t been driving
her car since high school.
(?) Has Widia been driving
her car since high school?
ü The
present perfect continuous refers to a recent situation or activity and focuses
on its present result.
Ø (+)
Listen! It has been raining.
(-) It has not been raining.
(?) Has it been raining?
ü To
ask the question with how long…..? and when we say how long something has been
in progress.
Ø (?)
How long have you been living her?
c. Adverb
of Time
The time signal that are
used in the present perfect continuous are just, recently, lately, yet, still,
already, before, so far, ever/never, today, for weeks/years, since 2013.
d. Conclusion
To describe action that
happened in the past, but it is happening in the present.
5.
Simple
Past
a. Formula
(+) subject + verb 2 d/ed +
object
(-) subject + did + not +
verb infinitive + object
(?) did + subject + verb
infinitive + object ?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü To
tell an action that happened in the past.
Ø (+)
He met you last night.
(-) He did not meet you last
night.
(?) Did he meet you last
night?
c. Adverb
of Time
Some time signal that are
used in simple past form are yesterday, ago, last.
d. Conclusion
The simple past form is used
to explain action that happened in the past. We can use some time signal to
give more explanation of the action.
6.
Past
Continuous
a. Formula
(+) subject + was/were +
verb –ing + object
(-) subject + was/were + not
+ verb –ing + object?
(?) was/were + subject +
verb –ing + object
b. Functions
and Examples
ü To
talk about a temporary situation that existed at or around a particular time in
the past.
Ø (+)
She was spending her time in the café.
(-) She was not spending her
time in café.
(?) Was she spending her
time in the café?
ü To
describe something that was happening while something else was happening.
Ø (+)
When he came home, I was sleeping in my bedroom.
(-) When he didn’t come
home, I was not sleeping in my bedroom.
(?) Did he come home?
c. Adverb
of time
Some time signal that is
usually used in past continuous is at
that time.
d. Conclusion
The past continuous is used
to explained action that was happening in the past.
7.
Past
Perfect
a. Formula
(+) subject + had + verb 3 +
object
(-) subject + had + not +
verb 3 + object
(?) Had + subject + verb 3 +
object?
b. Functions
and examples
ü We
use the past perfect to talk about a past situation or activity that took place
before another past situation or activity, or before a particular time in the
past.
Ø (+)
I had known about him before you told me.
(-) I had not known about
him before you told me.
(?) Had you known about him
before I told me?
c. Adverb
of time
Some time signal that are
usually used in past perfect are before, after, until, as soons.
8.
Past
Perfect Continuous
a. Formula
(+) subject + had + been +
v-ing +object.
(-) subject + had + not +
been + v-ing +object.
(?) Had + subject +been +
v-ing?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü We
use the past perfect continuous when we talk about the continuity or duration
of a situation or activity.
Ø (+)
she had been living in that house for 5 years.
(-) she had not been living
in that house for 5 years.
(?) Had she been living in
that house for 5 years?
c. Conclusion
We use the past perfect
continuous when we talk about the continuity or duration of a situation or
activity. Sometimes in the sentence we used when.
9.
Simple
Future
a. Formula
(+) subject + will/shall/to
be going to + verb infinitive + object
(-) subject + will/shall/to
be going to + not + verb infinitive + object
(?) Will/shall/to be going
to + subject + verb infinitive + object?
b. Function
ü We
use simple future to describe about something that will happen in the future.
Ø (+)
She will go there.
(-)
She will not go there.
(?)
Will she go there?
Ø (+)
He shall love her.
(-) He shall not love her.
(?) Shall he love her?
Ø (+)
I am going to tell you about myself later.
(-) I am not going to tell
you about myself later.
(?) Are you going to tell me
about yourself?
ü To
describe an action that will happen and it cannot be denied.
Ø ()
Tomorrow will be Friday.
() Tomorrow will be not
Friday.
() Will tomorrow be Friday?
ü To
explain action that will happen based on certain requirement.
Ø (+)
He will be angry if you disturb him.
(-) He will not be angry if
you do not disturb him.
(?) Will he be angry if I
disturb him?
ü To
explain action that will happen according to someone’s wish.
Ø (+)
I wish that I will be fine.
(+) She wishes that you will
be hers.
ü To
describe action that has become a habit and it will be repeated in the future.
Ø (+)
He will eat instant noodle once a week.
c. Adverb
of Time
Some time signal that are
usually used in simple future form are tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
tonight, this afternoon, in the future, from now on, next week.
d. Conclusion
The simple future form is
used to explain action that will happen in the future. There is a difference
between will/shall and to be going to. The difference is that will/shall tells
about possibly, but to be going to tells that the action will happen certainly.
10. Future Continuous
a. Formula
(+) subject + will/shall/to
be going to + be + verb –ing + object
(-) subject + will/shall/to
be going to + not + be + verb –ing + object
(?) Will/shall/to be going
to + subject + be + verb –ing + object ?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü To
describe an activity or event going on at particular time or over a particular
period in the future.
Ø (+)
She will be travelling with her husband next Friday.
(-) She will be not
travelling with her husband next Friday.
(?) Will she be travelling
with her husband next Friday?
ü Used
to explain something that has been arranged.
Ø (+)
He will be coming to do the tenses compilation.
(-)He will be not coming to
do the tenses compilation.
(?) Will he be coming to do
the tenses compilation?
c. Adverb
of time
The time signal that is
usually used in future continuous depends on the formula. For example, if you
use to be going to, you can use today.
d. Conclusion
Future continuous is used to
explain about something going on in the future.
11. Future Perfect Continuous
a. Formula
(+) subject + shall + have +
verb 3 + object
(-) subject + shall + not +
have + verb 3 + object
(?) Shall + subject + have +
verb 3 + object?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü The
future continuous is explained action that will be finished in the future, but
the action did in the past.
Ø (+)
I will have done my homework.
(-) I will not have done my
homework.
(?) Will you have done my
homework?
c. Conclusion
The future continuous is
explained action that will be finished in the future, but the action did in the
past.
12. Future Perfect Continuous
a. Formula
(+) subject + will/shall +
have + been + verb –ing + object
(-) subject +
will/shall +have + not + been + verb
–ing + object
(?) Will/shall + subject +
have + been + verb –ing + object?
b. Functions
and Examples
ü We
use the future perfect continuous to show action that happened in the past and
it is still going on in the future.
(-) I will not have been
going to Malaysia tomorrow.
(?) Will you have been going
to Malaysia tomorrow?
c. Adverb
of Time
The time signal is just the
same as simple future.
d. Conclusion
This form is almost same as
simple future, but the formula and usage different.
B.
Passive
Voice
This form is showed that the subjects do something. The
sentence that can be turned into passive voice is a sentence that has an
object. The formula of passive voice is to
be + verb 3.
These
are the examples of passive voice:
Ø I
drink a glass of milk. à A
glass of milk is drunk by me.
Ø He
gives me this gift. à
This gift is given by him.
Ø Jony
sings a Mandarin song. à A
Mandarin song is sung by Jony.
written by : Widia Kusuma Wardani and Ghina Zerlina
REFERENCES
Hartanto
Suryadi, John dkk. 1980. Tata Bahasa Inggris Lengkap. Indah
Hewings
Martin. 2002. Advanced Grammar in Use.Cambridge. Erlangga
Howard
Sargaent. 2007. Basic English Grammar Book 2. United States of Amerika.
Saddleback Educational Publishing.
John
Eastwood. 2008. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Grammar. United States of Amerika.
Oxford University Press
Kardimin
Akhmad 2006. Fundamental English
Grammar. Yogyakarta. Pustaka Pelajar
Murphy
Raymond. 1998.English Grammar in Use. Australia.Cambridge University Press
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